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¥_¨Ê¬G®c³Õª«°|³ÌªñÄâ¤j¶q²M§Êª««~¨Ó¬ü°ê®i¥Ü©Ò¿×ªº±d°®²±¥@,¨Ã»PART INSTUTITE OF CHICAGO Áp¦XÁ|¿ì¤F¦W¬°¡§SPLENDORS OF CHINA¡¦S FORBIDDEN CITY: THE GLORIOUS REIGN OF EMPEROR QIANLONG¡¨, §Ú¼ÈĶ¬°>.¬°¦¹¡M¯Ã¬ù®É³øµoªí¤F¤@½g¬ÛÃö^¤åµû½×.¯Ã¬ù®É³ø¬O¤@®a¦b¥þ²y¸û¦³¼vÅTªº³ø¯È¡M¨ä¿ì³ø·®æÄYÂÔ¨D¹ê¡Mµ´¤£´A«U¡M¯Ã¬ù®É³øªº½s¿è¤ô¥§ó¤½»{¥NªíµÛ¥þ¬ü¦U¤j³ø¯Èªº³Ì°ª¤ô·Ç¡C¬Û¹ï©ó´¶³q¬ü°ê¤H¹ï¤¤°ê¤å¤Æªº¤@µL©Òª¾¡M¯Ã¬ù®É³øªº³o½g¤å³¹¥Nªí¤FÀ´±o¤¤°ê¤å¤Æªº¬ü°êµû½×®a¹ïº¡²M¤å¤Æªº»{ª¾¡C
§@ªÌ¤@¶}¤å´N«ü¥X²M²ÎªvªÌ¬O¥_¤è¹Cªª¥Á±Ú,¬O¬Û¹ï¤¤°êº~¤H¦Ó¨¥ªº¥~°ê¤H,¨ä¥Á±Ú¬O»Xº~Áú¥H¤ÎJURCHEN¤Hªº²V¦å¡M¨ä¤å¤Æ¬O¤¤¨È,¦L«×,¦èÂÃ¥H¤Î¼Ú¦{¤å¤Æªº²V¦XÅé: ¡§The Qing were foreigners to Han China, northern invaders who called themselves Manchus. They named their Chinese dynasty Qing, which means pure, though there was nothing pure about it. The Manchus were of mixed Mongolian, Korean, Chinese and Jurchen stock. The culture they inherited as conquerers incorporated Middle Eastern, Indian, Tibetan and European influences.¡¨
¦¹¥~¡M§@ªÌ¯S§O¿ï¥Î¤F´X±i®i«~¹Ï¤ù¨Ó®i¥Üº¡²Mªº¼f¬ü¡M¨Ãºë¹@¦a§âº¡²Mªº¼f¬üÆ[Âk¯Ç¬°MORE-IS-MOREªº¼f¬üÆ[, §Y°ï¬äªº,¹L¥÷¸Ë¹¢ªº¼f¬üÆ[¡C
¡§And in truth, although the Qing brought forms like jade-carving to a peak of technical finesse, for most 21st-century eyes, their more-is-more aesthetic is an acquired taste.¡¨
ACQUIRED TASTE «üªº¬O«D¥ý¤Ñªº¡M¨Ã«Dª½±µµo¦Û©ó¤º¤ßªº¡M»Ýn§O¤H±q®Ç«üÂI¤~¯à»{ª¾ªº¼f¬ü«~¦ì¡C¨Ò¦p§AnÆ[½à²{¥N¬£ªºÃ¸µe¡M°ÑÆ[²{¥N¬£ªº®iÄýÀ]¡M§A´N«Dn¦³ACQUIRED TASTE¤£¥i¡CACQUIRED TASTE ¥»¨¬O¤¤©Êªº¡M¦ý¦b§@ªÌªº¸Ü¤¤«o±a¤W¤F¶S¸q¡M§@ªÌ»¡¡§ÁöµM²M¥N§â¥ÉÀJªº§Þ³Nµo®i¨ì¤F§Þ³N¡]¬O§Þ³N¡M¤£¬OÃÀ³N¡f¤Wªº·¥P¡M¦ý¹ï©óµ´¤j¦h¼Æªº¥@¬öªº¤H¨Ó»¡¡Mn¯àªY½à³oºØ°ï¬äªº¬ü¡MÁÙ»Ýn¨ÇÃB¥~ªº×½m¡C¡¨
§@ªÌ°ÑÆ[®iÄýªº¦¬Àò¨Ã¤£¬O¬G®c³Õª«°|©Ò³]·Qªº·P¨ü¨ì¤F°®¶©ªv¤Uªº²±¥@,¤Ï¦Ó·P®©¨ìÁöµMº¡¥Á±ÚªíÄѤW¦n¶H³Q¤¤°êµØ®L¤Æ¤F,¹ê»Ú¤W«o§âº¡¥Á±Úªº¥Á±Ú©Ê±j¥[µ¹¤F²Îªv¤Uªº¤¤°ê¤H.
¡§The show is particularly useful in pointing out how the Qing, despite their assimilationist Chinese-ness, asserted their Manchu identity and imposed it on their subjects. Under their rule all men in China had to adopt a Manchu-style pigtail coiffure. Manchu women were forbidden to have their feet bound, an emblem of femininity among the Han Chinese elite. In couture, wide Chinese sleeves were out; narrow Manchu sleeves with flares were in, as were equestrian-style boots that reminded the Manchus of their distant nomadic history.¡¨
¤¤°ê¬F©²ªá¿ú¶O¤O¡M±q¥_¨Ê¸ó¤F¤j¥bÓ¦a²y¹B¨Ó¦h¥ó¬JSPLENDOR ¤SGLORIOUS ªº²M§Ê¤åª«¡M·N¦b¹ï¥~«Å¶Ç±d°®²±¥@ªº¤å¤Æ¤j®b¡M«o³Q¬ü°ê©ñ¦b±M«©ó¦ÛµM¥v¡M¥Á±Ú¥Í¦¨¥v©M¤HÃþ¾Çªº¦ÛµM³Õª«À]¤¤¹ï¥~®i¥X¤F¡Q¦Ó¥BÁÙ³QÀ´±o¤¤°êÃÀ³Nªº¬ü°êµû½×®aµû§@¤F·¥¨ã¤HÃþ¾Ç»ùȪº¬ã¨sº¡¥Á±Úªº¤j¦n¾÷·|¡M³o®£©È¬O¥X©ó¤¤°ê¤å¤ÆÅv«Â̪º·N®Æ¤§¥~¤F§a¡S
More Was More for One Ruler in Qing Dynasty
By HOLLAND COTTER
CHICAGO - When it comes to Chinese art, museums tend to supersize us. The Guggenheim dished up 5,000 years of cultural history in 1998. The Art Institute of Chicago packed a whole religion into its Taoism bash two years later. By comparison, "Splendors of China's Forbidden City: The Glorious Reign of Emperor Qianlong," at the Field Museum here, is spartan fare, covering the career of one ruler.
Believe me, though, we're not talking lean cuisine. Most of the 400 objects in the show, on loan from the Palace Museum in Beijing, date from the 18th century, when China, under the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), was in High Rococo mode. What the Qing wanted in court art was more: more ingenuity, more virtuosity, more bells and whistles, extra everything. When it came to scale, they went for extremes, the teensy and the colossal, cups the size of thimbles, jades the size of boulders. The Confucian middle way was not their way.
This is one reason the Forbidden City, a walled complex of apartments, offices, reception halls and temples in Beijing, the imperial capital, looked the way it did. Jammed and encrusted with decoration, it was tchotchke heaven. At least that's the impression conveyed by the environments reconstructed in this show, which include an imperial throne room and a Buddhist altar, and by individual items so extravagant as to amount to minienvironments in themselves, like a five-foot-high cloisonn¡¼elephant with a lamp on its back.
The Qing were foreigners to Han China, northern invaders who called themselves Manchus. They named their Chinese dynasty Qing, which means pure, though there was nothing pure about it. The Manchus were of mixed Mongolian, Korean, Chinese and Jurchen stock. The culture they inherited as conquerers incorporated Middle Eastern, Indian, Tibetan and European influences. The official coronation portrait of the emperor Qianlong, around whom this exhibition revolves, was painted by an Italian Jesuit priest.
Qianlong, was an interesting guy, a real master-of-the-universe type, and to talk about him is to crunch some impressive numbers. He reigned for nearly 60 years, from 1736 to 1795, and ruled nearly 300 million people in what was then the biggest and richest empire in the world. When he took the throne at 25 he already had eight wives and several children; he eventually supported more than 40 consorts. His intellectual commitments were no less demanding. He wrote more than 44,000 poems and thousands of essays. He was a musician (the qin, or zither, he used is in the show), a better-than-average calligrapher and an avid though not-so-hot painter. As a ruler he was thoroughly hands-on. He had a phenomenal memory for administrative details, signed off on every edict issued by his government and made more than 150 lengthy public relations tours of China, meeting, greeting and scrutinizing to keep provincial officials on their toes.
His interest in cultural history was both profound and pragmatic. He knew that for political credibility the Qing had to be closely associated with Chinese tradition. To this end he sponsored a project to have all surviving Chinese writing from the past assembled, copied and securely stored. The job took 300 scholars and 3,600 scribes 10 years to complete and filled some 4.2 million pages. As an act of conservation it was invaluable. At the same time, it allowed the emperor to survey China's literary history and edit it. He destroyed thousands of books he considered anti-imperialist, almost as many as he preserved.
He also amassed an art collection of hundreds of thousands of paintings, ceramics, jades, textiles, pieces of furniture and metal objects, some of great antiquity, others brand new commissions. Among the more spectacular made-to-order pieces were religious objects, from solid-gold table-top stupas to a fancy-dress version of a Tibetan lama's ritual robe. Immodestly he had himself depicted in paintings as the bodhisattva of wisdom, Manjushri.
Court apparel was another big-budget item, with everything custom made and minutely coded to reflect hierarchical standing. The number of pearls in a consort's crown indicated just where she fell in the pecking order, as did the number of "eyes" in the peacock feather a courtier wore in his cap. The emperor was intensely sensitive to any breech of protocol.
The show is particularly useful in pointing out how the Qing, despite their assimilationist Chinese-ness, asserted their Manchu identity and imposed it on their subjects. Under their rule all men in China had to adopt a Manchu-style pigtail coiffure. Manchu women were forbidden to have their feet bound, an emblem of femininity among the Han Chinese elite. In couture, wide Chinese sleeves were out; narrow Manchu sleeves with flares were in, as were equestrian-style boots that reminded the Manchus of their distant nomadic history.
That history reached its zenith with Qianlong but began to lose its luster well before the end of his rule. For all his strengths, Qianlong was no Manjushri. He grew more repressive with the years and took on corrupt and grasping advisers. There were more book-burnings. The social mood grew coarse and parochial. From a height of tremendous, world-conquering potential, the dynasty slipped into decline until 1911, when the last Qing emperor, who was also the last Chinese emperor, left the Forbidden City and its kingdom of collectibles behind.
Modern art historians, Chinese and Western, have long treated those collectibles with disdain, concentrating instead on another aspect of Qing period art, a scholar-artist painting tradition that continued from the Ming. Surely it means something that this exhibition, which continues through Sept. 12, is appearing at a museum of natural history, ethnology and anthropology, not a museum of "art." And in truth, although the Qing brought forms like jade-carving to a peak of technical finesse, for most 21st-century eyes, their more-is-more aesthetic is an acquired taste.
There is no better way to begin acquiring than through the exhibition catalog written by Chuimei Ho and Bennet Bronson, curators at the Field Museum, a sterling example of hard history set out with a storyteller's skill. The show is a good introduction too, but of a different kind. Crowded, theatrical, it offers a total sink-or-swim immersion in a consumerist culture as awesomely polished as it is absurd, where Classical China and Turandot-in-the-Forbidden-City meet. That the giant gift shop at the exit is almost as big as the show makes perfect sense. Very Qing. Very us.
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Modern art historians, Chinese and Western, have long treated those collectibles with disdain.
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Crowded, theatrical, it offers a total sink-or-swim immersion in a consumerist culture as awesomely polished as it is absurd, where Classical China and Turandot-in-the-Forbidden-City meet. That the giant gift shop at the exit is almost as big as the show makes perfect sense. Very Qing. Very us.
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